如何引用参考文献（英文）

方法 1APA（美国心理协会）标准

引用作者姓名时按照先姓后名的顺序，多个作者名字之间用逗号隔开，最后两个姓名之间没有逗号，用＆符号连接。

Doe, J.
Doe, J. & Johnson, S. Q.
Smith, R., Orion, D. & Johnson, S. Q.

如果只能查询到期刊发表的年份，标上年份即可，如果可以查询到具体的出版日期，就按照年，月，日的格式进行引用，以句号结束。

Doe, J. (2001).
Smith, R., Orion, D. & Johnson, S. Q. (2011, July 15).

不要使用斜体、下划线或者引号。标题的首字母大写，如果有副标题的话，则冒号后的第一个字母也大写，最后以句号结束。

Doe, J. (2001).Recent breakthroughs in diagnosing mental illness.
Smith, R., Orion, D. & Johnson, S. Q. (2011, July 15). Bone-Chilling: A history of literary horror.

编辑姓名和期刊名称以“In”为前缀，按照先名后姓的格式进行引用。如果编辑姓名有两个，用＆记号进行连接；三个以上的名字则用逗号连接。如果杂志的编辑只有一名，在名字后的括号里加上ED.缩写。多个编辑则采用EDs.缩写。

Doe, J. (2001).Recent breakthroughs in diagnosing mental illness. In J. Rowell (Ed.),
Smith, R., Orion, D. & Johnson, S. Q. (2011, July 15). Bone-Chilling: A history of literary horror. In A. Hoffman & C. G. Brooke (Eds.),

首字母大写，标题加上引号。

Doe, J. (2001).Recent breakthroughs in diagnosing mental illness. In J. Rowell (Ed.), Essays on psychology
Smith, R., Orion, D. & Johnson, S. Q. (2011, July 15). Bone-Chilling: A history of literary horror. In A. Hoffman & C. G. Brooke (Eds.), Genre literature through the ages

插入文章所在的页码范围，以pp作为前缀，前缀之后有个句号。

Doe, J. (2001).Recent breakthroughs in diagnosing mental illness. In J. Rowell (Ed.), Essays on psychology (pp. 24-38).
Smith, R., Orion, D. & Johnson, S. Q. (2011, July 15). Bone-Chilling: A history of literary horror. In A. Hoffman & C. G. Brooke (Eds.), Genre literature through the ages (pp. 102-118).

列出出版公司的所在地和公司名称，中间用冒号隔开，以句号作为结束。

Doe, J. (2001).Recent breakthroughs in diagnosing mental illness. In J. Rowell (Ed.), Essays on psychology (pp. 24-38). New York: Big Time Publisher.
Smith, R., Orion, D. & Johnson, S. Q. (2011, July 15). Bone-Chilling: A history of literary horror. In A. Hoffman & C. G. Brooke (Eds.), Genre literature through the ages (pp. 102-118). New York: Big Time Publisher.

方法 2MLA（美国现代语言协会）标准

第一作者采用先姓后名的格式，其余作者采用先名后姓的格式。三个及以上的姓名用逗号进行连接，最后两个名字间用“and”连接，以句号结束：

Doe, John.
Doe, John and Samuel Quentin Johnson.
Smith, Robert, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson.

所有的主要词汇都采用首字母大写，标题以句号结束，给标题加上引号：

Doe, John."Recent Breakthroughs in Diagnosing Mental Illness."
Smith, Robert, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson. "Bone-Chilling: A History of Literary Horror."

给期刊名加上引号，每个主要词汇均首字母大写，以句号结束：

Doe, John."Recent Breakthroughs in Diagnosing Mental Illness."Essays on Psychology.
Smith, Robert, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson. "Bone-Chilling: A History of Literary Horror." Genre Literature through the Ages.

采用先名后姓的全名，在姓名之前加上Ed.缩写，如果有不止一位编辑名则加上EDS.缩写，以句号结束：

Doe, John."Recent Breakthroughs in Diagnosing Mental Illness."Essays on Psychology.Ed. Josh Rowell.
Smith, Robert, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson. "Bone-Chilling: A History of Literary Horror." Genre Literature through the Ages.Eds. Alexandra Hoffman and Charles Gilbert Brooke.

列出出版商所在的城市、出版商名称以及出版年份。这里只需要引用年份即可，不需要具体到日期。在城市名和出版商名称之间用冒号相连，与年份用逗号相连，最后以句号结尾：

Doe, John."Recent Breakthroughs in Diagnosing Mental Illness."Essays on Psychology.Ed. Josh Rowell. New York: Big Time Publisher, 2001.
Smith, Robert, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson. "Bone-Chilling: A History of Literary Horror." Genre Literature through the Ages.Eds. Alexandra Hoffman and Charles Gilbert Brooke. New York: Big Time Publisher, 2011.

标出文章所在的第一页和最后一页的页码。用连字号相连并以句号结尾：

Doe, John."Recent Breakthroughs in Diagnosing Mental Illness."Essays on Psychology.Ed. Josh Rowell. New York: Big Time Publisher, 2001. 24-38.
Smith, Robert, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson. "Bone-Chilling: A History of Literary Horror." Genre Literature through the Ages.Eds. Alexandra Hoffman and Charles Gilbert Brooke. New York: Big Time Publisher, 2011. 102-118.

如果是以书籍形式出版，则标上“Print”。以电子书形式出版则标上“Electronic”。如果电子书是以网站形式发表的则标上“Web”。最后以句号结尾：

Doe, John."Recent Breakthroughs in Diagnosing Mental Illness."Essays on Psychology.Ed. Josh Rowell. New York: Big Time Publisher, 2001. 24-38. Print.
Smith, Robert, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson. "Bone-Chilling: A History of Literary Horror." Genre Literature through the Ages.Eds. Alexandra Hoffman and Charles Gilbert Brooke. New York: Big Time Publisher, 2011. 102-118. Electronic.

方法 3芝加哥标准

如果是在脚注或尾注中引用作者名，则采用先名后姓的格式。如果是在参考文献列表中进行引用，则对第一作者采用先姓后名的格式，其余作者使用先名后姓的格式。脚注后以逗号结尾，参考文献列表中以句号结尾：

Robert Smith, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson,
Smith, Robert, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson.

给引用文章标题加上引号，主要词汇均首字母大写，脚注和尾注中以逗号结尾，参考文献列表中以句号结尾：

Robert Smith, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson, "Bone-Chilling: A History of Literary Horror,"
Smith, Robert, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson. "Bone-Chilling: A History of Literary Horror."

在书名前加上“in”。用引号引用书名，主要词汇均首字母大写，脚注和参考文献列表中均以逗号结尾：

Robert Smith, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson, "Bone-Chilling: A History of Literary Horror," in Genre Literature through the Ages,
Smith, Robert, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson. "Bone-Chilling: A History of Literary Horror." In Genre Literature through the Ages,

脚注中在编辑名前加上缩写“ed.”，参考文献列表中在编辑名前加上短语“edited by”。在脚注中只列出第一编辑的姓名，如果不止一位编辑的话，就在后面用缩写“et al”代替。参考文献列表中需要列出所有编辑的姓名：

Robert Smith, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson, "Bone-Chilling: A History of Literary Horror," in Genre Literature through the Ages, ed. Alexandra Hoffman, et al.
Smith, Robert, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson. "Bone-Chilling: A History of Literary Horror." In Genre Literature through the Ages, edited by Alexandra Hoffman and Charles Gilbert Brooke,

只在参考文献列表中标注，范围包括文章所在的全部页码：

Robert Smith, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson, "Bone-Chilling: A History of Literary Horror," in Genre Literature through the Ages, ed. Alexandra Hoffman, et al.
Smith, Robert, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson. "Bone-Chilling: A History of Literary Horror." In Genre Literature through the Ages, edited by Alexandra Hoffman and Charles Gilbert Brooke, 102-118.

包括出版商所在的城市和出版商名称，其中用冒号隔开，在出版商信息后加上冒号，再加上出版年份。当这些标注内容以脚注形式出现时需要加上括号作为插入内容，参考文献列表中则不必，以句号结束即可：

Robert Smith, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson, "Bone-Chilling: A History of Literary Horror," in Genre Literature through the Ages, ed. Alexandra Hoffman, et al. (New York: Big Time Publisher, 2011),
Smith, Robert, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson. "Bone-Chilling: A History of Literary Horror." In Genre Literature through the Ages, edited by Alexandra Hoffman and Charles Gilbert Brooke, 102-118. New York: Big Time Publisher, 2011.

这只出现在脚注中。标出你所引用的内容所在的那一页，以句号结束：

Robert Smith, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson, "Bone-Chilling: A History of Literary Horror," in Genre Literature through the Ages, ed. Alexandra Hoffman, et al. (New York: Big Time Publisher, 2011), 111.
Smith, Robert, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson. "Bone-Chilling: A History of Literary Horror." In Genre Literature through the Ages, edited by Alexandra Hoffman and Charles Gilbert Brooke, 102-118. New York: Big Time Publisher, 2011.